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Stormflow

See Direct runoff.

Straight Line Winds

Thunderstorm winds most often found with the gust front. They originate from downdrafts and can cause damage which occurs in a "straight line", as opposed to tornadic wind damage which has circular characteristics.

Strategic Bias

Causes survey results to differ from actual willingness to pay because individual have an incentive to not reveal the truth because they can secure a benefit in excess of the costs they have to pay. This arises from the free rider problem. For example, if individuals are told that a service will be provided if the total sum they are willing to pay exceeds the cost of provision and that each will be charged a price according to their maximum willingness to pay then individuals will have an incentive to understate his or her demand.

Stratosphere

Second layer of the atmosphere, extending from about 19 to 48 kilometers (12 to 30 miles) above the earth's surface. It contains small amounts of gaseous ozone (O3 ), which filters out about 99 percent of the incoming harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Most commercial airline flights operate at a cruising altitude in the lower stratosphere. See ozone layer, ultraviolet radiation.

Stratospheric ozone

See ozone layer.

Stratum

A layer of sedimentary rock; plural is strata.

Stratus

Very flat low level clouds.

Stream

A general term for a body of flowing water. In hydrology the term is generally applied to the water flowing in a natural channel as distinct from a canal. More generally as in the term stream gaging, it is applied to the water flowing in any channel, natural or artificial.

Stream gaging

The process and art of measuring the depths, areas, velocities, and rates of flow in natural or artificial channels.

Stream order

1. A method of numbering streams as part of a drainage basin network. The smallest unbranched mapped tributary is called first order, the stream receiving the tributary is called second order, and so on. It is usually necessary to specify the scale of the map used. A first-order stream on a 1:62,500 map, may be a third-order stream on a 1:12,000 map. 2. Tributaries which have no branches are designated as of the first order, streams which receive only first-order tributaries are of the second order, larger branches which receive only first-order and second-order tributaries are designated third order, and so on, the main stream being always of the highest order.

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