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Barriers To Entry

Factors that prevent firms from entering a market, such as government rules or patents .

Basalt

Highly mafic igneous volcanic rock, typically fine grained and dark in color; rough volcanic equivalent of gabbro.

Base acreage

A farm’s crop-specific acreage of wheat, feed grains, upland cotton, or rice eligible to enroll in commodity programs under previous legislation, and subsequently eligible for production flexibility contracts under the FAIR Act of 1996. Base acreage equaled land planted for harvest to the crop, plus any land enrolled in Acreage Reduction Programs, plus land considered planted to the crop in zero, 50/85-92 or under permitted normal flex or optional flex acreage during a specified period of time. A farmer’s crop acreage base was reduced by the portion of land placed in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), but increased by CRP base acreage leaving the CRP.

Base discharge (for peak discharge)

In the Geological Survey's annual reports on surface-water supply, the discharge above which peak discharge data are published. The base discharge at each station is selected so that an average of about three peaks a year will be presented. (See also Partial-duration flood series)

Base flow

See Base runoff.

Base runoff

Sustained or fair weather runoff. In most streams, base runoff is composed largely of groundwater effluent. The term base flow is often used in the same sense as base runoff. However, the distinction is the same as that between streamflow and runoff. When the concept in the terms base flow and base runoff is that of the natural flow in a stream, base runoff is the logical term. (See also Ground-water runoff and Direct runoff)

Baseflow

The sustained low flow of a stream, usually groundwater inflow to the stream channel. Also called groundwater runoff.

Baseline Emissions

The emissions that would occur without policy intervention (in a business-as-usual scenario). Baseline estimates are needed to determine the effectiveness of emissions reduction programs (often called mitigation strategies).

Basic commodities

Six agricultural crops (corn, cotton, peanuts, rice, tobacco, and wheat) declared by permanent law as requiring federal price support.

Basic Competitive Model

The model of the economy that pulls together the assumptions of self-interested consumers, profit maximizing firms, and perfectly competitive markets

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